Works Cited

Abernathy, Ralph David. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. New York: Harper and Row, 1989.

Anderson, Carol Elaine. Eyes Off The Prize: The United Nations and the African-American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Anderson, Madeline, dir. I Am Somebody. New York: American Foundation of Nonviolence, 1969.

Arsenault, Ray. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Ashmore, Harry S. Hearts and Minds: The Anatomy of Racism from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

Baker, R. Scott. Paradoxes of Desegregation: African American Struggles for Educational Equality in Charleston, South Carolina, 1926-1972. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006. 

Bartels, Virginia B., ed. The History of South Carolina Schools. Rock Hill: Center for Educator Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement, Winthrop University, 2004.

Bass, Jack, and Jack Nelson. The Orangeburg Massacre. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1984. 

Bass, Jack, and Marilyn W. Thompson. Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond. New York: Public Affairs, 2005.

Beacham, Frank. “This Magic Moment; When the Ku Klux Klan Tried to Kill Rhythm and Blues Music in South Carolina.” In Toward the Meeting of the Waters, 119-141. 

Bedingfield, Sid. Newspaper Wars: Civil Rights and White Resistance in South Carolina, 1935-1965. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2017.

Belcher, Ray. Greenville County, South Carolina. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2006.

Blair, Ezell A. Jr. “Ezell Blair, Stokely Carmichael, Lucy Thornton, Jean Wheeler.” Interview by Robert Penn Warren. In Robert Penn Warren’s Who Speaks for the Negro, An Archival Collection. Nashville: Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities, Vanderbilt University, 1964.

Boulware, Harold R. Sr. “Quest for Civil Rights: Judge Harold R. Boulware Sr.” Interview by Grace McFadden. Columbia: Quest for Human/Civil Rights – Oral Recollections of Black South Carolinians, Moving Image Research Collections, University of South Carolina, n.d.

Boyce, Travis D. “I Am Leaving and Not Looking Back: The Life of Benner C. Turner.” PhD. Diss., College of Education, Ohio University, 2009.

Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

Brinkley, Alan, and Davis Dyer, eds. The American Presidency. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.

Brown, Cynthia Stokes, ed. Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement. A First Person Narrative.Navarro, CA: Wild Trees Press, 1986.

Brown, Millicent E. “The NAACP Years.” In The Spirit of an Activist, 63-82. 

Burke, W. Lewis. All for Civil Rights: African American Lawyers in South Carolina, 1868-1968. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017.

Burke, W. Lewis and Belinda F. Gergel. Matthew J. Perry: The Man, His Times, and His Legacy. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004. 

Burke, W. Lewis, and William C. Hine. “The South Carolina State College Law School: Its Roots, Creation, and Legacy.” In Burke, Matthew J. Perry, 17-60. 

Butler, Angeline. “What We Were Talking About Was Our Future.”  In Holsaert, Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC, 39-45.

Bynum, Thomas. NAACP Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1936-1965. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2014.

Carey, Gordon. “Interview with Gordon Carey.” Interview by Judith Vecchione. Eyes on the Prize Interviews. St. Louis, MO: Washington University Digital Gateway, 1985.

Carter, Robert L. A Matter of Law: A Memoir of Struggle in the Cause of Equal Rights. New York: The New Press, 2005.

Chafe, William H. Greensboro, North Carolina and the Black Struggle for Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Charron, Katherine Mellon. Freedom’s Teacher: The Life of Septima Clark. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Chesnut, Trichita M. Lynching: Ida B. Wells-Barnett and the Outrage Over the Frazier Baker Murder. Washington, DC: Rediscovering Black History, Black History Guide, National Archives and Records Administration, 2008.

James E. Clyburn. Blessed Experiences: Genuinely Southern, Proudly Black. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014.

Cohodas, Nadine. Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Change. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

Collins, LeRoy, “Statewide TV-Radio Talk to the People of Florida on Race Relations.” Vol. 1 of Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965, edited by Davis W. Houck and David E. Dixon, 349-356. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2006.

CORE Rules for Action. New York: Congress of Racial Equality, 1963.

Crawford, Vicki L. and Jacqueline Anne Rouse and Barbara Woods, eds. Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941-1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. 

Currie, Cameron McGowan. “Before Rosa Parks: The Case of Sarah Mae Flemming.” In Burke, Matthew J. Perry, 81-103. 

Curry, Constance. “NSA’s Southern Civil Rights Initiative.” In American Students Organize: Founding the U.S. National Student Association After World War II, edited by Eugene G. Schwartz, 444-455. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2006.

Curry, Constance. “Wild Geese to the Past.” In Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement, edited by Joan C. Browning, 1-36. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. 

DeLaine, Mattie. “Mrs. Mattie DeLaine.” Interview by McFadden. Quest for Human/Civil Rights, n.d. 

Dobrasko, Rebekah. South Carolina’s Equalization Schools 1951-1960. Columbia: State Historic Preservation Office, SC Department of Archives and History, 2008. 

Doster, Lillie Marsh. “Lillie Marsh Doster, Interview U-0386.”  Interview by Jennifer Otha Dixon in Long Civil Rights Movement: Economic Justice in Charleston, SC. Chapel Hill: Southern Oral History Program Interview Database, Center for the Study of the American South, University of North Carolina, 2008.

Drago, Edmund L. Charleston’s Avery Center: From Education and Civil Rights to Preserving the African American Experience. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2006.

DuBose, Sonny. The Road to Brown: The Leadership of a Soldier of the Cross, Rev. J.A. DeLaine. Orangeburg, SC: Williams Publishing, 2002.

Early, Charity Adams. One Woman’s Army. College Station: Texas A&M University, 1989.

Edgar, Walter. History of Santee Cooper, 1934-1984. Moncks Corner: SC Public Service Authority, 1984.

 NAACP. “A Program to Implement the Supreme Court’s School Desegregation Decision,” Emergency Southwide NAACP Conference. Vol. 4 of African-American Political Thought: Confrontation vs. Compromise, from 1945 to the Present, edited by Marcus Polman, 251-255. London: Routledge, 2003. 

Equal Justice Initiative. Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror. Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2017. 

Farmer, James. “James Farmer Oral History Interview 1, Transcript.” Interview by Harri Baker. Austin, TX: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collection, 1969.

Farmer, James. Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Arbor House, 1985.

FBI. “Citizens Councils, Savannah Division.” In Citizens Council Movement.  Mobile, AL: United States Government, 1956.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Klan Infiltration into the Citizens Councils of Alabama.” In Citizens Council Movement. Mobile, AL: United States Government, 1956.

Fink, Gary and Merl E. Reed, Race, Class, and Community in Southern Labor History. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994.

Fink, Leon, and Brian Greenberg. Upheaval in the Quiet Zone: A History of Hospital Workers Union, Local 1199.Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989.

Fink, Leon. “A Labor Crusade Behind the Magnolia Curtain: Hospital Workers and the Politics of Race and Class.” In Search of the Working Class: Essays in American Labor History and Political Culture, edited by Leon Fink, 51-85. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. 

Fischer, Louis. Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World. New York: Mentor, 1982.

Foner, Moe. Not for Bread Alone. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press: 2002.

Foner, Moe. “Reminiscenses of Moe Foner.” Interview by Robert Master, session 10. New York: Columbia University Libraries, 1986.

Fordham, Damon L. True Stories of Black South Carolina. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008.

Frederickson, Kari. The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South: 1932-1968. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Gaither, Thomas. “Orangeburg: Behind the Carolina Stockade.” In Sit-Ins: The Students Report, edited by Jim Peck, 9-11.New York: CORE, 1960.

Gaither, Thomas. “Students on a Road Gang.” In Freedom Ride, edited by Peck, 94-113. 

New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962.

Gaither, Thomas Walter. “Thomas Walter Gaither Oral History Interview.” Interview by Joseph Mosnier. Washington, DC: US Civil Rights History Project, Library of Congress, 2011.

Gandhi, Mohandas K.. Gandhi: An Autobiography. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.

Gergel, Richard. Unexampled Courage: The Blinding of Sgt. Isaac Woodard and the Awakening of President Harry S. Truman and Judge J. Waties Waring. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.

Gona, Ophelia De Laine. Dawn of Desegregation: J.A. De Laine and Briggs v. Elliott. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2011.

Gravely, William B. They Stole Him Out of Jail: Willie Earle, South Carolina’s Last Lynching Victim. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2019.

Grose, Philip G. South Carolina at the Brink: Robert McNair and the Politics of Civil Rights. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.

Halberstam, David. The Children. New York: Fawcett Books, 1998.

Hine, William C. South Carolina State University: A Black Land-Grant College in Jim Crow America. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2018.

Holsaert, Faith S. and Martha Prescod Norman Noonan, Judy Richardson, Betty Garman Robinson, Jean Smith Young, and Dorothy M. Zellner, eds. Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2012.

Huff, Archie Vernon Jr. Greenville: The History of the City and the County in the Piedmont, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.

Hodges, James A. “J.P. Stevens and the Union: Struggle for the South.” In Race, Class, and Community in Southern Labor History, edited by Gary Fink and Merl E. Reed, 53-64. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994.

Houck,  Davis W. and David E. Dixon, eds. Women and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2011.

Jones-Branch, Cherisse. “Modjeska Monteith Simkins: I Cannot Be Bought and Will Not Be Sold.” In Spruill, Vol. 3 of South Carolina Women, Their Lives and Times, 221-239. 

Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice. New York: Vintage Books, 1975.

Lane, Hugh C. Sr.  “The History of Banking in South Carolina in the 20th Century Project.” Interview by John G. Sprout. Columbia: South Caroliniana Library Oral History Collections, University of South Carolina.

Lare, Marvin Ira. Champions of Civil and Human Rights in South Carolina: Dawn of the Movement Era, 1955-1967.Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2016.

Lare, Marvin Ira. “Cleveland Sellers, Part 1, From Denmark to Destiny.” In Champions of Civil and Human,134-145. 

Lau, Peter. “Mr. NAACP: Levi G. Byrd and the Remaking of the NAACP in the State and Nation, 1917-1960.” In Toward the Meeting of the Waters, 146-155. 

Lau, Peter. Democracy Rising: South Carolina and the Fight for Black Equality Since 1865. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006.

Lee, Ulysses. The Employment of Negro Troops: United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2001.

Lewis, John, with Michael D’Orso. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

Lochbaum, Julie Magruder. “The Word Made Flesh: The Desegregation Leadership of Rev.

JA DeLaine.” PhD. Diss., College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1993.

Logan, Sadye L.M., ed. The Spirit of an Activist: The Life and Work of I. DeQuincey Newman. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014.

Logan, Sadye L.M. “Isaiah DeQuincey Newman: The Servant Leader.” In The Spirit of an Activist, 8-46. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014.

McCord, James B., with John Scott Douglas. My Patients Were Zulus. New York: Rinehart and Co., 1946.

McDew, Charles F. “Charles F. McDew Oral History.” Interview by Mosnier. Civil Rights History Project, 2011.

McMillen, Neil R. The Citizens’ Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction. 1954-64. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1954.

Meriwether, Colyer.  “History of Higher Education in South Carolina.” Vol. 4 of Contributions to American Educational History, edited by Herbert Baxter Adams. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889. 

Middleton, Earl M. with Joy W. Barnes. Knowing Who I Am: A Black Entrepreneur’s Struggle and Success in the American South. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008.

Montgomery, Eugene A.R. “Quest for Civil Rights: Eugene A. R. Montgomery.” Interview by McFadden. Quest for Human/Civil Rights, 1980.

Moore, John Hammond. Carnival of Blood: Dueling, Lynching, and Murder in South Carolina 1880-1920. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.

Moore, Robert J. “Matthew J. Perry, Part 1, A Pearl of a Case.” In Lare, Champions of Civil and Human Rights, 129-133.

Moore, Robert J. “Beatrice ‘Bea’ McKnight.” In Lare, Champions of Civil and Human Rights, 183-202.

Moore, Winfred B. Jr. and Orville Vernon Burton, eds. Toward the Meeting of the Waters: Currents in the Civil Rights Movement of South Carolina During the Twentieth Century. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008.

Motley, Constance Baker. “Memory History, and Community: The Assimilation of Houstonian Principles in the Career of Matthew J. Perry.” In Burke, Matthew J. Perry, 221-237.

Moultrie, Mary. Telling Our Story, Unsung Heroes and Heroines Conference, 35th Anniversary of African American Studies. Interview by Kent Germany. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2006.

Moultrie, Mary. “Mary Moultrie, William Saunders, Rosetta Simmons.” Interview by Kerry Taylor. Charleston, SC: Citadel Oral History Program, Citadel Archives and Museum, 2009.

Myers, Andrew H. Black White & Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and the Civil Rights Movement. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.

Newman, Betsy, dir. Carolina Stories: Charlie’s Place. Columbia: SC Educational Television, 2018.

Panetta, Leon E. Bring Us Together. Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1971.

Patterson, James T. Brown v Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Peck, Jim. Cracking the Color Line: Non-Violent Direct Action Methods of Eliminating Racial Discrimination. New York: Congress of Racial Equality, 1959.

Quint, Howard H. Profile in Black and White: A Frank Portrait of South Carolina. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1958.

Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Riches, William T. Martin. The Civil Rights Movement: Struggle and Resistance. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010.

Roberts, Gene, and Hank Klibanoff. The Race Beat: The Press, The Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation.New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2006.

Robinson, Jackie. First Class Citizenship: The Civil Rights Letters of Jackie Robinson, edited by Michael G. Long, 75-76. New York: Times Books, 2007.

Rogers, George C., and C. James Taylor. A South Carolina Chronology, 1497-1992. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.

Rucker, Walter C., and James C. Upton, eds. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 2007.

Saunders, William. “Mary Moultrie, William Saunders, and Rosetta Simmons.” Interview by Taylor. Avery Research Center Oral Histories, 2009.

Simkins, Modjeska. “Modjeska M. Simkins.” In Women and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965, 139-147.

Simkins, Modjeska. “Oral History Interview with Modjeska Simkins, G-0056-2.” Interview by Jacquelyn Hall.  Chapel Hill: Southern Oral History Program Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1976.

Smith, Harold L. “Casey Hayden.” In Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives, 359-387.

SNCC. Tape 9, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 40th anniversary conference videocassette tapes. Durham, NC: David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, 2000.

Southern Regional Council. The Student Protest Movement. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1960.

Spruill, Marjorie and Valinda W. Littlefield and Joan Marie Johnson. South Carolina Women, Their Lives and Times, Vol 3. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012.

Stoddard, Belle Howe. Re: Gedney Main Howe Jr., 1914-1981. Adamsville, AL: Action Printing Company, 1985.

Sullivan, Patricia. Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: The New Press, 2009.

Tracy, James. Direct Action: Radical Pacifism From the Union Eight to the Chicago Seven. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Turner, Elizabeth Hayes, ed. Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015. 

U.S. Bureau of Education. Industrial Education in the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883.

Warren, Earl. The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977.

Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, edited by Alfreda M. Duster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. 

Wicker, Tom. Dwight D. Eisenhower: The American Presidents Series. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2002.

Williams, Cecil J. Freedom & Justice: Four Decades of the Civil Rights Struggle As Seen by a Black Photographer of the Deep South. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1995.

Williams, Cecil. Out of-the-Box in Dixie: Cecil Williams’ Photography of the South Carolina Events That Changed America. Orangeburg, SC: Cecil J. Williams, 2007.

Williams, Hosea. “Hosea Williams Interview.” Interview by Steve Estes. Charleston, SC: Steve Estes Papers, Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture, College of Charleston, 1996.

Williams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998.

Willoughby, Lynn. The Good Town Does Well: Rock Hill, SC, 1852-2002. Orangeburg, SC: Written in Stone, 2002.

Wolff, Miles. Lunch at the 5 & 10. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990.

Woods, Barbara. “Modjeska Simkins and the South Carolina Conference of the NAACP, 1939-1957.” In Crawford, Women in the Civil Rights Movement, 99-120. 

Yarborough, Tinsley E. A Passion for Justice: J. Waties Waring and Civil Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Young, Andrew. An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008.

Zinn, Howard. SNCC: The New Abolitionists. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1964.